.\" $OpenBSD: ssA,v 1.1 2002/12/03 21:36:35 mickey Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the above .\" copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera .\" International, Inc. .\" 4. Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc. nor the names of other .\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from .\" this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA .\" INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, .\" INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES .\" (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR .\" SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, .\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING .\" IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)ssA 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 .\" .SH 10: Advanced Topics .PP This section discusses a number of advanced features of Yacc. .SH Simulating Error and Accept in Actions .PP The parsing actions of error and accept can be simulated in an action by use of macros YYACCEPT and YYERROR. YYACCEPT causes .I yyparse to return the value 0; YYERROR causes the parser to behave as if the current input symbol had been a syntax error; .I yyerror is called, and error recovery takes place. These mechanisms can be used to simulate parsers with multiple endmarkers or context-sensitive syntax checking. .SH Accessing Values in Enclosing Rules. .PP An action may refer to values returned by actions to the left of the current rule. The mechanism is simply the same as with ordinary actions, a dollar sign followed by a digit, but in this case the digit may be 0 or negative. Consider .DS sent : adj noun verb adj noun { \fIlook at the sentence\fR . . . } ; adj : THE { $$ = THE; } | YOUNG { $$ = YOUNG; } . . . ; noun : DOG { $$ = DOG; } | CRONE { if( $0 == YOUNG ){ printf( "what?\en" ); } $$ = CRONE; } ; . . . .DE In the action following the word CRONE, a check is made that the preceding token shifted was not YOUNG. Obviously, this is only possible when a great deal is known about what might precede the symbol .I noun in the input. There is also a distinctly unstructured flavor about this. Nevertheless, at times this mechanism will save a great deal of trouble, especially when a few combinations are to be excluded from an otherwise regular structure. .SH Support for Arbitrary Value Types .PP By default, the values returned by actions and the lexical analyzer are integers. Yacc can also support values of other types, including structures. In addition, Yacc keeps track of the types, and inserts appropriate union member names so that the resulting parser will be strictly type checked. The Yacc value stack (see Section 4) is declared to be a .I union of the various types of values desired. The user declares the union, and associates union member names to each token and nonterminal symbol having a value. When the value is referenced through a $$ or $n construction, Yacc will automatically insert the appropriate union name, so that no unwanted conversions will take place. In addition, type checking commands such as .I Lint\| .\".[ .\"Johnson Lint Checker 1273 .\".] will be far more silent. .PP There are three mechanisms used to provide for this typing. First, there is a way of defining the union; this must be done by the user since other programs, notably the lexical analyzer, must know about the union member names. Second, there is a way of associating a union member name with tokens and nonterminals. Finally, there is a mechanism for describing the type of those few values where Yacc can not easily determine the type. .PP To declare the union, the user includes in the declaration section: .DS %union { body of union ... } .DE This declares the Yacc value stack, and the external variables .I yylval and .I yyval , to have type equal to this union. If Yacc was invoked with the .B \-d option, the union declaration is copied onto the .I y.tab.h file. Alternatively, the union may be declared in a header file, and a typedef used to define the variable YYSTYPE to represent this union. Thus, the header file might also have said: .DS typedef union { body of union ... } YYSTYPE; .DE The header file must be included in the declarations section, by use of %{ and %}. .PP Once YYSTYPE is defined, the union member names must be associated with the various terminal and nonterminal names. The construction .DS < name > .DE is used to indicate a union member name. If this follows one of the keywords %token, %left, %right, and %nonassoc, the union member name is associated with the tokens listed. Thus, saying .DS %left \'+\' \'\-\' .DE will cause any reference to values returned by these two tokens to be tagged with the union member name .I optype . Another keyword, %type, is used similarly to associate union member names with nonterminals. Thus, one might say .DS %type expr stat .DE .PP There remain a couple of cases where these mechanisms are insufficient. If there is an action within a rule, the value returned by this action has no .I "a priori" type. Similarly, reference to left context values (such as $0 \- see the previous subsection ) leaves Yacc with no easy way of knowing the type. In this case, a type can be imposed on the reference by inserting a union member name, between < and >, immediately after the first $. An example of this usage is .DS rule : aaa { $$ = 3; } bbb { fun( $2, $0 ); } ; .DE This syntax has little to recommend it, but the situation arises rarely. .PP A sample specification is given in Appendix C. The facilities in this subsection are not triggered until they are used: in particular, the use of %type will turn on these mechanisms. When they are used, there is a fairly strict level of checking. For example, use of $n or $$ to refer to something with no defined type is diagnosed. If these facilities are not triggered, the Yacc value stack is used to hold .I int' s, as was true historically.